3.1 Overview of Red Snapper Management

The red snapper fishery has separate management for the recreational and commercial sectors.

The regulations for the recreational fishery are set each year. If NOAA Fisheries determines that a season is allowed, the recreational season for the Red Snapper fishery opens the second Friday in July. The recreational sector season length varies based on previous years landings. The recreational season in 2022 and 2023 was 2 days. Afterward the season was closed until the following July. The recreational fishery is managed with a bag limit of one fish per day per angler.

The commercial fishery has a 75 lb gutted weight trip limit, and a commercial annual catch limit (ACL; 124,815 lbs whole weight in 2023). The commercial fishery opens the second Monday in July. The commercial fishery remains open until the ACL is met. In recent years (2022 and 2023), the commercial fishery has closed in August is closed until the following year.

The red snapper fishery currently does not have a size limit for the recreational or commercial sectors.

The annual catch limit for the entire stock is split between the recreational (71.93%) and the commercial (28.07%) fleets.

More information on the current management regulations for the red snapper fishery is available here.

3.2 Overview of Gag Grouper Management

The gag grouper fishery has separate management for the recreational and commercial sectors.

The recreational fishery is closed to retention from the beginning of of January 1 through April 30 each year. Recreational fishers have a bag limit of 1 fish per person per day.

The commercial fishery is closed to retention from the beginning of January 1 through April 30 each year. Commercial fishers have a trip limit of 1000 lbs (gutted weight).

A minimum legal length of 24 inch (total length) in in place for both commercial and recreational fishers.

The annual catch limit for the entire stock is split between the recreational (49%) and the commercial (51%) fleets.

More information on the current management regulations for the gag grouper fishery is available here.

5.1 Generating Operating Models from SEDAR Assessments

5.1.1 Red Snapper

The red snapper OM was based on the most recent stock assessment (SEDAR 73). This assessment included six fleets:

1. Commercial Handline (cHL)
2. Commercial Handline - Discards (cHL.D)
3. Recreational Headboat (rHB)
4. Recreational Headboat - Discards (rHB.D)
5. General Recreational (rGN).
6. General Recreational - Discards (rGN.D).

Following the process described above, the operating model was developed with a different fleet structure.:

1. Commercial Handline - On-Season
2. Commercial Handline - Off-Season
3. Recreational Headboat - On-Season
4. Recreational Headboat - Off-Season
5. General Recreational - On-Season
6. General Recreational - Off-Season

The On- and Off-Season fleet structure was generated by calculating the proportion of total removals for each fleet that were taken during the open and closed seasons.

5.1.1.1 Commercial Handline

The proportion of total removals taken during the open and closed seasons for the Commercial Handline fleet was calculated from the Commercial logbook data, filtered to only include records from the SAMFC region.

Information on the dates when the fishery was open and closed for the Commercial Handline fleet was obtained from Table 2.2.1 in the SEDAR 73 report. The first seasonal closure occurred in 2010, so the Off-Season Commercial Handline fleet had zero catches until 2010.

The values for discard mortality for the Commercial Handline fleet were taken from Table 6 in the SEDAR 73 report. The discard mortality was used to calculate the number of dead discards from the reported number of fish that were discarded alive in the logbooks.

The relative fishing mortality for the On- and Off-Seasons was calculated as the proportion of total removals that occurred during the open and closed seasons (Figure 5.1).

5.1.1.2 Recreational Headboat

The proportion of total removals taken during the open and closed seasons for the Recreational Headboat fleet was calculated from the Headboat logbook data, filtered to only include records from the SAMFC region.

Information on the dates when the fishery was open and closed for the Recreational Headboat fleet was obtained from Table 2.2.2 in the SEDAR 73 report. The first seasonal closure occurred in 2010, so the Off-Season Headboat fleet had zero catches until 2010.

The values for discard mortality for the Recreational Headboat fleet were taken from Table 6 in SEDAR 73 report. The discard mortality was used to calculate the number of dead discards from the reported number of fish that were discarded alive in the logbooks.

The relative fishing mortality for the On- and Off-Seasons was calculated as the proportion of total removals that occurred during the open and closed seasons (Figure 5.1).

5.1.1.3 General Recreational

The relative pattern in fishing mortality for the On- and Off-Season components of the General Recreational fleet was assumed to be the same as the Recreational Headboat fleet (Figure 5.1).

Further analyses of data from the Marine Recreational Information Program (MRIP) could be used to improve the estimates of total removals that occur during the open and closed seasons for the General Recreational fleet.

Figure 5.1: The proportion of overall fishing mortality for the On-Season and Off-Season fleets for the Red Snapper fishery.

This results in an operating model with 6 fleets, with estimated landings and discards that occur during both the open and closed seasons for each fleet (Figure 5.2). The selectivity pattern of the On-Season and Off-Season fleets was assumed to be the same.

Figure 5.2: The landings and discards for the On-Season and Off-Season fleets for the Red Snapper fishery.

5.1.2 Gag Grouper

The gag OM was based on the most recent stock assessment (SEDAR 71). This assessment included seven fleets:

1. Commercial Handline (cHL)
2. Commercial Handline - Discards (cHL.D)
3. Recreational Headboat (rHB)
4. Recreational Headboat - Discards (rHB.D)
5. General Recreational (rGN).
6. General Recreational - Discards (rGN.D).
7. Commercial Dive (cDV)

Similar to the Red Snapper model described above, the fleet structure of the operating model was modified to include the seasonal aspect of the fishery:

1. Commercial Handline - On-Season
2. Commercial Handline - Off-Season
3. Recreational Headboat - On-Season
4. Recreational Headboat - Off-Season
5. General Recreational - On-Season
6. General Recreational - Off-Season
7. Commercial Dive - On-Season

The Commercial Dive fleet does not have discards. As it is a targeted fishery, it does not operate during the closed seasons and therefore is only modeled as an On-Season fleet

The SEDAR 71 model was converted to the OM with the On- and Off-Season structure following the same approach used for the Red Snapper described above.

The landings- and discard-at-age from the SEDAR 73 model for the three fleets (cHL, rHB, and rGN) were combined into total removals. This results in a model that describe the total removals-at-age by year for the three fleets. The On- and Off-Season fleet structure was then generated by calculating the proportion of total removals that were taken during the open and closed seasons.

5.1.2.1 Commercial Handline

The proportion of total removals taken during the open and closed seasons for the Commercial Handline fleet was calculated from the Commercial logbook data, filtered to only include records from the SAMFC region.

Information on the dates when the fishery was open and closed for the Commercial Handline fleet was obtained from Table 2.7.1 in the SEDAR 71 report. The first closure occurred in 1999, so the Off-Season Commercial Handline fleet had zero catches until 1999.

Following the assessment, discard mortality was assumed to be 0.4 for the Commercial Handline fleet and 0.25 for the Recreational Headboat and the General Recreational fleets. The discard mortality was used to calculate the number of dead discards from the reported number of fish that were discarded alive in the logbooks.

The relative fishing mortality for the On- and Off-Seasons was calculated as the proportion of total removals that occurred during the open and closed seasons (Figure 5.3).

5.1.2.2 Recreational Headboat

The proportion of total removals taken during the open and closed seasons for the Recreational Headboat fleet was calculated from the Headboat logbook data, filtered to only include records from the SAMFC region.

Information on the dates when the fishery was open and closed for the Recreational Headboat fleet was obtained from Table 2.7.2 in the SEDAR 71 report. The first seasonal closure occurred in 2010, so the Off-Season Headboat fleet had zero catches until 2010.

The relative fishing mortality for the On- and Off-Seasons was calculated as the proportion of total removals that occurred during the open and closed seasons (Figure 5.3).

5.1.2.3 General Recreational

Following the approach used for Red Snapper, the relative pattern in fishing mortality for the On- and Off-Season components of the General Recreational fleet was assumed to be the same as the Recreational Headboat fleet (Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.3: The proportion of overall fishing mortality for the On-Season and Off-Season fleets for the Gag Grouper fishery.

The operating model was constructed by allocating, for each fleet, the total fishing mortality (removals) in each year between On- and Off-Season components of the fleet according to the pattern in relative F described above.

As it is a targeted fishery, the Commercial Dive fleet only operates in the On-Season. This results in an operating model with 7 fleets, with estimated landings and discards that occur during both the open and closed seasons for each fleet (Figure 5.4).

Figure 5.4: The landings and discards for the On-Season and Off-Season fleets for the Gag Grouper fishery.

5.2 Generating Multi-Species Operating Model

A multi-species operating model was generated by combining the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper OMs together. The fishery dynamics for each stock within the multi-species operating model must have the same structure: i.e., same number of historical years, and the same fleet structure.

The initial year of the Gag Grouper assessment is 1962, 12 years later than the initial year for Red Snapper (1950). To match the initial year of the Red Snapper OM, the Gag model was extended back for 12 years, with no fishing mortality for any of the fleets.

To maintain the same fleet structure, the Commercial Dive fleet was added to the Red Snapper model, but fishing mortality set to 0 for all years.

5.3 Calculation of Reference Points

The reference points were calculated following the same method described in the SEDAR reports for the two stocks.

5.3.1 Red Snapper

The maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT) for Red Snapper is defined by the SAMFC as \(F_{30\%}\), and the minimum stock size threshold (MSST) as \(75\%\text{SSB}_{F30\%}\). Overfishing is defined as F > MFMT and overfished as SSB < MSST, with \(\text{SSB}_{F30\%}\) defined as the rebuilding target.

The relationship between fishing mortality and the spawning potential ratio (SPR) was calculated using the selectivity curve representing total removals in the terminal historical year (2019; Figure 5.5). This resulted in a \(F_{30\%}\) = 0.21, and MSST of 510417 (eggs 1E8; Figure 5.5).

It should be noted that the calculation of \(F_{30\%}\) and associated metrics is a function of the overall selectivity curve for the fishery, and the values will be different if the overall selectivity pattern in the future (for example, introduction of size limits, or changes in relative exploitation levels of the different fleets).

Figure 5.5: The relationship between a) fishing mortality (F) and equilibrium spawning biomass (SB) and b) spawning potential ratio (SPR) for Red Snapper. The maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT) is indicated with the vertical dashed line. The equilbrium SB and SPR corresponding with MFMT are indicated with horizontal dashed lines. The horizontal dotted line indicates the minimum stock size threshold (MSST), defined as 75% of SB_MFMT.

5.3.2 Gag Grouper

The maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT) for Gag Grouper is defined by the SAMFC as \(F_{\text{MSY}}\), and the minimum stock size threshold (MSST) as \(75\%\text{SSB}_{\text{MSY}}\). Overfishing is defined as F > MFMT and overfished as SSB < MSST.

\(F_{\text{MSY}}\) was calculated using the selectivity curve representing total removals in the terminal historical year (2019; Figure 5.6). This resulted in a \(F_{\text{MSY}}\) = 0.42, and MSST of 1330 (Figure 5.5).

It should be noted that the calculation of \(F_{\text{MSY}}\) and associated metrics is a function of the overall selectivity curve for the fishery, and the values will be different if the overall selectivity pattern in the future (for example, introduction of size limits, or changes in relative exploitation levels of the different fleets).

Figure 5.6: The relationship between a) fishing mortality (F) and equilibrium removals (metric tons) and b) spawning stock biomass (mt) for Gag Grouper. The maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT) is indicated with the vertical dashed line. The equilbrium spawning biomass corresponding with MFMT is indicated with the horizontal dashed line. The horizontal dotted line indicates the minimum stock size threshold (MSST), defined as 75% of SB_MFMT.

5.4 Spatial Structure

Spatial structure has been defined as three areas (Figure 5.7):

1. North and South Carolina
2. Georgia – Cape Canaveral
3. Cape Canaveral – Florida

Additional spatial structure for near-shore and off-shore regions has also been proposed.

Spatial structure for the stocks and fishing fleets has not currently been defined in the operating models. Spatial structure will be added once spatial management options have been proposed and developed.

Figure 5.7: The three spatial regions defined for the SAMFC MSE.

5.5 Properties of the Base Case OM

5.5.1 Selectivity and Retention Schedules

Figures 5.8 and 5.9 show the selectivity- and retention-at-age curves in the last historical year (2019) for the On- and Off-Season fleets for the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper respectively. The selectivity pattern of the On-Season and Off-Season fleets is assumed to be the same.

The selectivity and retention curves remain the same in the projection period unless changed by a management procedure. Retention curves with a maximum value less than one indicate a general level of discarding.

Figure 5.8: The selectivity- (solid line) and retention-at-age (dashed line) curves for the Red Snapper in the multi-species operating model. The plot shows the curves from the last historical year (2019).

Figure 5.9: The selectivity- (solid line) and retention-at-age (dashed line) curves for the Gag Grouper in the multi-species operating model. The plot shows the curves from the last historical year (2019).

5.5.2 Removals, Landings, and Discards

Figures 5.10, 5.11, and 5.12 show historical overall removals, and landings and discards by fleet respectively for the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper multi-species Base Case operating model.

Figure 5.10: The overall removals (1,000 t) from the historical period of the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper multi-species operating model.

Figure 5.11: The landings (1,000 t) by fleet from the historical period of the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper multi-species operating model. Note the different scale on the y-axes.

Figure 5.12: The discards (1,000 t) by fleet from the historical period of the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper multi-species operating model. Note the different scale on the y-axes.

5.5.3 Biomass and Reference Points

Figures 5.13 and 5.14 show the predicted spawning biomass and the corresponding reference points for the Red Snapper and Gag Grouper stocks in the Base Case multi-stock operating model. Both stocks are below the MSST reference point in the terminal year (2019). Red Snapper appears to be rebuilding towards MSST, while the trend for Gag Grouper is a continuing decline.

Figure 5.13: The spawning stock (eggs) for Red Snapper from the Base Case OM. The horizontal lines indicate the reference points (see Reference Point section above).

Figure 5.14: The spawning stock (1000 t) for Gag Grouper from the Base Case OM. The horizontal lines indicate the reference points (see Reference Point section above).

7.1 Recruitment Process Error

The recruitment deviations for the projection period are generated from a log-normal distribution, with the standard deviation and lag-1 auto-correlation factor reported by the stock assessments (Figure 7.1).

Figure 7.1: Distribution of the log recruitment deviations for a) Red Snapper and b) Gag Grouper, with a fitted normal distribution shown in blue. Panels c) and d) show the deviations in normal space, and include the log-normal distribution used to generate recruitment process error for the projection period.

For the Base Case OM, the standard deviation of the log recruitment deviations for Red Snapper was 0.81 with an auto-correlation factor of 0.51. Figure 7.2 shows an example of the recruitment deviations for 9 simulations for Red Snapper.

Figure 7.2: An example of the recruitment deviations from 9 simulations from the Red Snapper stock in the Base Case OM. The black lines indicates the recruitment deviations during the historical period (identical across all simulations). The blue line indicates the recruitment deviations in the projection period, which were generated from a distribution with the statistical properties (standard deviation and auto-correlation) reported by SEDAR 73.

For the Base Case OM, the standard deviation of the log recruitment deviations for Gag Grouper was 0.48 with an auto-correlation factor of 0.62. Figure 7.3 shows an example of the recruitment deviations for 9 simulations for Gag Grouper.

Figure 7.3: An example of the recruitment deviations from 9 simulations from the Gag Grouper stock in the Base Case OM. The black lines indicates the recruitment deviations during the historical period (identical across all simulations). The blue line indicates the recruitment deviations in the projection period, which were generated from a distribution with the statistical properties (standard deviation and auto-correlation) reported by SEDAR 71

7.2 Life-History

In the Base Case OM, the life-history parameters in the projections are assumed to be stationary; i.e., remain at the same values as the terminal historical year.

7.3 Selectivity

The selectivity pattern of each fleet in the projection period is assumed to remain unchanged from the terminal historical year, unless the selectivity or retention curve is modified by a management procedure.

7.4 Implementation Error

The Base Case OM does not assume any implementation error.

Any error in the implementation of management regulations set by the Management Procedures is set within the MPs.

7.5 Observation Error

Currently the Base Case OM assumes no observation error on the simulated data. This assumption will be revised when management procedures that use specific data to set management advice are developed.

8.1 Fleet-Specific Fishing Mortality or Removals

A generic function Fleet_MMP is used to set the fishing mortality or catch (total removals) for each fleet. Fleet_MMP is used inside wrapper functions that define the specific management recommendations for each simulation and year (see below for examples).

The Fleet_MMP function has two standard arguments for MMP (multi-stock/fleet management procedures) x: simulation number, and DataList: a list of Data objects, and a third argument Fleet_Management.

Fleet_Management is a data frame that specifies the management in terms of catch, fishing mortality (F), and/or a minimum legal length (MLL), for each stock and fleet:

##                   Fleets                             Fleet Category Season
## 1    Commercial Handline    Commercial Handline: On-Season     Comm     On
## 2  Recreational Headboat  Recreational Headboat: On-Season      Rec     On
## 3   General Recreational   General Recreational: On-Season      Rec     On
## 4    Commercial Handline   Commercial Handline: Off-Season     Comm    Off
## 5  Recreational Headboat Recreational Headboat: Off-Season      Rec    Off
## 6   General Recreational  General Recreational: Off-Season      Rec    Off
## 7        Commercial Dive                   Commercial Dive     Comm     On
## 8    Commercial Handline    Commercial Handline: On-Season     Comm     On
## 9  Recreational Headboat  Recreational Headboat: On-Season      Rec     On
## 10  General Recreational   General Recreational: On-Season      Rec     On
## 11   Commercial Handline   Commercial Handline: Off-Season     Comm    Off
## 12 Recreational Headboat Recreational Headboat: Off-Season      Rec    Off
## 13  General Recreational  General Recreational: Off-Season      Rec    Off
## 14       Commercial Dive                   Commercial Dive     Comm     On
##          Stock Catch  F MLL
## 1  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 2  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 3  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 4  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 5  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 6  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 7  Red Snapper    NA NA  NA
## 8  Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA
## 9  Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA
## 10 Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA
## 11 Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA
## 12 Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA
## 13 Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA
## 14 Gag Grouper    NA NA  NA

Either F or Catch must be set for each stock-fleet (but not both for same stock-fleet). The minimum legal length (mm) is assumed to be implemented as a knife-edge retention curve, and only applies to the On-Season fleets. If MLL is NA, the retention curve is unchanged.

Note that the specified Catch refers to the total removals (landings + dead discards).

The following sub-sections include some simple examples of management procedures that set management in terms of F, catch, and/or a minimum legal length for each stock and fleet.

StatusQuo <- function(x, DataList, ...) {

  stocks <- unique(Fleet_Management$Stock)
  fleets <- unique(Fleet_Management$Fleet)
  nstocks <- length(stocks)
  nfleets <- length(fleets)

  # copy the internal `Fleet_Management` object
  this_Fleet_Management <- Fleet_Management

  # loop over stocks and fleets
  for (s in 1:nstocks) {
    for (f in 1:nfleets) {
      # calculate mean F from 3 last historical years
      meanF <- mean(DataList[[s]][[f]]@Misc$FleetPars$Fishing_Mortality[x,68:70])
      # populate the `F` value in `this_Fleet_Management` object
      this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>%
        dplyr::mutate(F=replace(F, Stock==stocks[s] &Fleet==fleets[f], meanF))
    }
  }
  # call internal `Fleet_MMP` function with `this_Fleet_Management` object
  Fleet_MMP(x, DataList, Fleet_Management=this_Fleet_Management)
}
# define as class `MMP`
class(StatusQuo) <- 'MMP'

StatusQuo_MLL <- function(x, DataList, ...) {

  stocks <- unique(Fleet_Management$Stock)
  fleets <- unique(Fleet_Management$Fleet)
  nstocks <- length(stocks)
  nfleets <- length(fleets)

  # copy the internal `Fleet_Management` object
  this_Fleet_Management <- Fleet_Management

  # loop over stocks and fleets
  for (s in 1:nstocks) {
    for (f in 1:nfleets) {
      # calculate mean F from 3 last historical years
      meanF <- mean(DataList[[s]][[f]]@Misc$FleetPars$Fishing_Mortality[x,68:70])
      # populate the `F` value in `this_Fleet_Management` object
      this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>%
        dplyr::mutate(F=replace(F, Stock==stocks[s] &Fleet==fleets[f], meanF))
    }
  }

  # Set MLL
  MLL_RS <- inch2mm(20) # 20 inch MLL
  this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>%
    dplyr::mutate(MLL=replace(MLL, Stock=='Red Snapper', MLL_RS))

  MLL_GG <- inch2mm(25) # 25 inch MLL
  this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>%
    dplyr::mutate(MLL=replace(MLL, Stock=='Gag Grouper', MLL_GG))

  # call internal `Fleet_MMP` function with `this_Fleet_Management` object
  Fleet_MMP(x, DataList, this_Fleet_Management)
}
# define as class `MMP`
class(StatusQuo_MLL) <- 'MMP'

Ftarget <- function(x, DataList, ...) {

  MFMT <- data.frame(Stock=c('Red Snapper', 'Gag Grouper'),
                     MFMT=c(0.21, 0.42))

  stocks <- unique(Fleet_Management$Stock)
  fleets <- unique(Fleet_Management$Fleet)
  nstocks <- length(stocks)
  nfleets <- length(fleets)

  # copy the internal `Fleet_Management` object
  this_Fleet_Management <- Fleet_Management

  # loop over stocks and fleets
  for (s in 1:nstocks) {
    for (f in 1:nfleets) {
      # calculate mean F from 3 last historical years
      meanF <- mean(DataList[[s]][[f]]@Misc$FleetPars$Fishing_Mortality[x,68:70])

      # populate the `F` value in `this_Fleet_Management` object
      this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>%
        dplyr::mutate(F=replace(F, Stock==stocks[s] &Fleet==fleets[f], meanF))
    }
  }

  # Calculate relative F for each fleet (by Stock)
  this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>% group_by(Stock) %>% mutate(Frat=F/sum(F))


  # Set overall F to MFMT for each stock
  this_Fleet_Management <- left_join(this_Fleet_Management, MFMT, by='Stock')
  this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>% mutate(F=MFMT*Frat)


  # call internal `Fleet_MMP` function with `this_Fleet_Management` object
  Fleet_MMP(x, DataList, this_Fleet_Management)
}
# define as class `MMP`
class(Ftarget) <- 'MMP'

fixedC_mean3 <- function(x, DataList, ...) {
  
  stocks <- unique(Fleet_Management$Stock)
  fleets <- unique(Fleet_Management$Fleet)
  nstocks <- length(stocks)
  nfleets <- length(fleets)
  
  this_Fleet_Management <- Fleet_Management
  nyears <- ncol(DataList[[1]][[1]]@Misc$FleetPars$Find)
  
  for (s in 1:nstocks) {
    for (f in 1:nfleets) {
      # mean last 3 years historical removals
      meanC <- mean(apply(DataList[[s]][[f]]@Misc$FleetPars$CB[x,,(nyears-2):nyears,], 2, sum))
      
      # populate the `Catch` value in `this_Fleet_Management` object
      this_Fleet_Management <- this_Fleet_Management %>%
        dplyr::mutate(Catch=replace(Catch, Stock==stocks[s] &Fleet==fleets[f], meanC))
    }
  }
  # call internal `Fleet_MMP` function with `this_Fleet_Management` object
  Fleet_MMP(x, DataList, this_Fleet_Management)
}
# define as class `MMP`
class(fixedC_mean3) <- 'MMP'

8.2 Setting an Annual Catch Limit (ACL)

Setting management recommendations in terms of an annual catch limit (ACL) is a little more complicated.

It is straightforward enough to set the ACL for the landings (On-Season fleets), and to calculate the corresponding fishing mortality for the On-Season fleets.

The challenge is to calculate the fishing mortality for the Off-Season fleets. This will depend on the length of the fishing season, and the targeting behavior of the fleets during the closed-seasons. A simple assumption is to assume that the Off-Season fishing mortality will be some multiple of the On-Season fishing mortality. More sophisticated approaches could use an effort dynamics model to predict the fishing effort for each species during the Off-Season.

Additional functions for setting management recommendations in terms of an ACL will be added to the SAMSE package.